初級視華語法點

課數	語法點	說明
1	Sentences with Verbs	姓，叫 and 是 are used as verbs to introduce someone's name. 姓 is followed only by family name or surname. But, 叫 is used with full name or given name. When using someone's title, such as Mr., Mrs., only 是 can be used.
1	Simple Type of Questions with the Particle	嗎
1	Questions with a Question Word	(QW) The word order of this type of questions is the same as the word order of their answers in Chinese: 誰、什麼、哪
1	Abbreviated Questions with the Particle	呢
2	Simple Sentences with Stative Verbs	SV：我忙、我不忙、您很忙
2	Stative Verb-not-Stative Verb Questions	Verb-not-Stativ：你熱不熱？
3	Subject-Verb-Object Sentences	我(不)看書、他(沒)有報
3	Verb-not-Verb Questions	This type of qustions他買不買中文書?、他買中文書不買?
3	Sentences with the Auxiliary Verbs	(AV)：我(不)要買筆
3	Transposed Objects	(主題句) 英文報，我不看
4	Quantified Nouns	In Chinese,  nous are often preceded by a measure word to emphasize what kind of object.
4	Sums of Money	In Chinese, when money is being discussed, the last monetary unit is often left out.
4	Specified and Numbered Nouns	When a sungular noun follows the DEM, the ordinal number 一 is usually omitted and only 這/那/哪 + the measure word is needed.
4	Prices Per Unit	When asking or giving prices, age, time, etc., verb equivalents such as "to be", etc. are usually left out.
4	Sentences with Direct Object and Indirect Object	EX. 他給我一枝筆
5	Specified Nouns Modified by Nouns or Pronouns	When a specified noun (Demonstrative-Number-Measure-Noun) is preceded by a noun or a person, then 的 can be omitted.
5	Nouns Modified by Other Nouns Indicating Possession	(I) More often without 的：In cases where two nouns are understood to have a close personal relationship, or when the first noun or pronoun belongs to a group indicated by the second noun, 的 is often not needed.                      (II) a. When the second noun is an animal or an inaminate object, a 的 must be inserted between the two nouns.  b. When strung-together or linked nouns appear, then 的 must be added to the last modifying noun. The preceding modifiers do not often need 的.  c. If the modified noun in the sentence is understood, the original noun need not be written/spoken. But 的 is needed.
5	The Whole Before the Part	EX. 哪些書，有的好看，有的不好看。
6	Large Numbers	EX. 億、萬……
6	多 as an Indefinite Number	EX. 三百多塊錢、三塊多錢
6	Nouns Modified by Stative Verbs	(I) More often without 的：Simple unqualified stative verbs in their adjectival function more often omit 的   (II) With 的：when a modifying adverb is put in front of a modified stative verb or a two or more syllable stative verb is used, 的 must be used. However, if the stative verb is "many" or "few", or is a two syllable stative verb like 便宜 (cheap), then 的 is often omitted. (III) 的 is needed with the modified noun is understood.
7	Verb Object Compounds (VO)	When certain English verbs are translated into Chinese, their Chinese equivalents usually appear in the VO form. For example, the English verb "to speak' is translated as 說話, the literal meaning of which in Chinese is "to speak words".
7	Progressive Aspect	If progressive marker 在 is in front of the verb, it means the action is currently in progress.  Sometimes the particle 呢 is placed at the end of the sentence indicating that the situation or state of affairs is being sustain.
7	Verb Object as the Topic	EX. 學中文不難。
7	好 and 難 as Adverbial Prefixes	(I) good or bad to look / listen /eat / drink……etc.  (II) easy or difficult ro understand / study / do / write……etc.
7	Predicative Complements (describing the manner or the degree of the action)	(I) 你做得很好。(II) S-V-O as the Topic, 他說中國話，說得很好。(III) Subject as the Topic, 他，中國話說得很好。(IV) S 的 O as the Topic, 他的中國話，說得很好。
8	Nouns Modified by Clauses with 的	In Chinese the modifying clause must be placed before the noun it is modifying. In addition, 的 is added after the modifying clause.
8	Specified Nouns Modified by Clauses with 的	When a noun is already specified by a demonstrative pronoun such as 這 or 那，the modifying clause is often in front of the demonstrative pronoun.
8	Clausal Expression which Have Become Independent Nouns	Some modifying clauses with 的，such as those used to represent a profession, can function as nouns. However, the nouns to derived are often not used in formal situations.
8	Adverbs 因為……所以 Used as Correlative Conjunctions	If the topic's subject in a preceding and following clause are the same, then the topic subject of the second clause can be omitted and the topic subject of the first clasued placed at the beginning of the sentence.
9	Place Words	(I) Proper Noun used as a Place Word  (II) Posotional Noun used as a Place Word  (III) Noun + Positional Noun used as a Place Word
9	在 as Main Verb (with place words as complement), is used to indicate "Y is located at X".	EX. 書在哪兒? 書在桌子上。
9	Existence in a Place	When 有 (there is) is used after a place word, the meaning conveyed is "in X ther is Y".
9	在 as a Coverb of Location	在，which is used as a coverb to show where the action of the subject is taking place, is generally placed together with its object in front of the main verb.
9	Nouns Modified by Place Expressions	EX. (在) 桌子上的那本書
9	Distance with Coverb 離	The coverb 離 is used to indicate the distance from one place to another (ex: X 離 Y 遠 / 近)
10	Coming and Going	Verbs 來 and 去 both indicate motion (come/go) and direction. 來 indicates motion towards the speaker, whereas 去 indicates motion towards some point away from the speaker. (I) From and To: 從 and 到 are coverbs that indicate motion and direction. 從 indecates motion away from some point,whereas 到 indicates motion towards a point. (II) Means of Travel or Conveyance: 坐 is a coverb indicating coveyance. 坐 and its object precede the main verb and usually mean getting or travelling from the place to another. (III) Purpose of Coming and Going: The reason, or purpose, for coming or going is placed either immediately before or after the main verd 來 or 去. If 來 or 去 appears before the verb phrase, it then emphasizes "purpose". If 來 or 去 appears after the verb phrase, it then emphasizes "direction".
10	The Particle 了 Indicating the Completion of the Action or of the Predicate.	(I) Sentences with the Particle 了 as a Sentence Final: When the particle 了 is used as a sentence final, it usually indicates the action or the affair has already taken place. (II) Sentences with the particle 了 as Both a Verb Suffix and a Sentence Final: If a verb in a sentence carries a simple object, then 了 can be placed both after the main verb and at the end of the sentence. This usage often indicates the action has "already" been completed.
10	Negation of Completed Action with 沒(有)	EX. 我今天沒吃早飯。
10	Negated and Suspended Action with 還沒(有)……(呢)	EX. 我還沒吃午飯呢。
10	Types of Questions of Completed Action	A. S V O了嗎? EX. 你看書了嗎?                                               B. S 沒-V O嗎? EX. 你沒看書嗎?                                                                    C. S V O 了沒有？ EX. 你看書了沒有？                                                                     D. S V O 了沒 V? EX. 你看書了沒看?
10	是……的 Construction Stressing Circumstances Connected with the Action of the Main Verb	When you want to emphasize the time when an action is occurring, the place where the acton is occurring, the starting point of the action, the place to which the person or thing went, the means of conveyance used, the purpose of coming (or going) etc., then place 是 in front of the words you want to stress, and 的 at the end of the sentence or after the main verb. This patttern is often used when the action took place in the pase. In a positive  sentence 是 can be omitted from the pattern, but in a negative sentence it cannot.
11	Time Expression by the Clock	(I) Time When, by the Clock (II) Time Spent, by the Clock
11	Time When Precedes the Verb	EX. 你什麼時候吃晚飯? 我六點半吃晚飯。
11	Time Spent Stands after the Verb	(I) S V Time Spent: 請你坐一會兒。(II) a. S (A) V Time Spent (的) O 我每天寫一個鐘頭的中國字    b. S (A) V O, V Time Spent 我每天寫中國字，寫一個鐘頭。
11	S V 了 O as a Dependent Clause	When the sentence pattern S V 了 O appears, it generally means that the sentence is unfinished. In this case there must follow a subsequent statement serving as the main clause that completes the sentence. Such a main clause is usually introduced by the fixed adverb 就. When this type of sentence pattern is used, the initial action in the beginning of the sentence is followed almost immediately by a second action.    a. Past: (TW) S V1 了 O1,(S2) 就 V2 O2 了。(昨天)我下了課，就回家了。 b. Habitual Avtion: (TW) S V1 了 O1,(S2) 就 V2 O2。(每天)我下了課，就回家。c. Future: (TW) S V1 了 O1, (S2) 就 (要) V2 O2。(今天) 我下了課，就(要)回家。
12	Time Expression withYear, Month, Day, and Week	(I) Time When with Year, Month, Day and Week. A: 年 The Year. B: 月The Month. C: 號 The Day. D: 星期 The Week.                                                                     (II) Time Spent with Year, Month, Day and Week. A: 年 Year(s). B: 月 Month(s). C:  星期 Week(s). D: 天 Day(s).
12	Single and Double 了 with Quantified Objects	When the object is quantified, 了 can be used after the verb, or can be placed both after the verb and at the end of the sentence. A. Single 了 with Quantified Objects: When 了 is used only once in the sentence, after the verb, it indicates that the action was completed at some certain time in the past. EX. S (A) V 了 NU-M O. 我昨天學了二十個單字。B. Double 了 with Quantified Objects: When 了 occurs both after the verb and at the end of the sentence, it means that a certain quantified action has so far already been completed. EX. S (A) V 了 NU-M O 了。我已經學了三百個中國字了。
12	Single and Double 了 with Time Spent	A. When 了 is used only once in the clause or sentencem after the verb, it indicates that the action went on for some time at some certain time in the past.      B.  If 了 occurs both after the verb and at the end of the clause or sentence, it means that the action has so far already been going on for some time.         (I) S (A) V 了 Time Spent (了)：我們只休息了十分鐘。 (II) S (A) V 了 Time Spent (的) O (了)：我去年學了三個月的中文。  (III) S V O, V 了 Time Spent (了)：我去年學中文，學了三個月。
13	Question Words as Indefinites	In Chinese question words are often used as indefinites to mean "anything","anyone", or "anywhere". These indefinites can also be used in a negative form like "nothing", "not much / not many", "not very" etc. in English.
13	Change Status with Particle 了	The addition of 了 to any type of stative verb or verb in their positive or negative forms indicates that a new condition or state of affairs has appeared. (I) N (Neg-) SV 了：天氣熱了。(II) S (Neg-) (AV) V (O) 了：他不敎英文了。
13	Imminent Action with Particle 了	If you want to indicate that an action or affair will soon occur, then add a 了 at the end of the sentence. In addition, 快，快要，要 or 就(要) are often placed in front og the verb. (I) (s) 快/快要/要 V (O)了 ：我們快要放假了。 (II) When there is a time word before the verb, 就(要) can be used. This usage indicates that the speaker thinks that the action occurred earlier, perhaps earlier than expected. EX. S (Time When) 就(要) V (O) 了。他明天就要回國了。
14	Motion toward a Place or a Direciton with Coverb 往	(從 PW/Direciotn) 往 PW/Direciton V：從飛機上往下(面)看，很有意思。
14	部 and 邊 Contrasted	The character 部 means part or section. It can not refer to regions beyong the border. The character 邊 means side or border or region; therefore it is not possible to say 中邊。
14	Adverb Used as Correlative Conjunctions	(I) 要是……就……(if……then……) In Chinese rhetorical sentences, the "if" clause usually occurs before the main clause. In English sentences "if" is essential, but the Chinese equivalent for "if" 要是 can be omitted; however in Chinese 就 is not left out very often. An exception to this trend is when the main statement is a question. In this case 就 is often omitted.  (要是) S1 V1, S2 就 V2：要是你去，我就去。(II) 先......再......(first......then......) a.  S 先 V1, 再 V2 ：我先吃飯，再念書。b. S1 先 V, S2 再 V：你先說，我再說。
15	Inclusiveness and Exclusiveness (with question words as indefinites)	If one wants to express an inclusive such as "everywhere", "everyone", and "everything", or an exclusive like "nowhere", "no one", and "nothing", then he must use a question word in conjunction with the adverb 都. In negative expressions the adverb 也 can be used in place of 都。a. (S) QW (S) 都 V：他什麼都知道。 b. (S) QW (S) 都/也 Neg-V ：他什麼都/也不知道。
15	Exclusiveness Intensified (not even, not at all)	If one wants to express a high degree of exclusiveness equivalent to the phrases "not even a little", "not at all", then "一-M-N" or "一點兒" must be placed in front of 都 or 也 in order to signify a very small amount. This sentence pattern is used for negative expressions. (I) (S) 一-M-N 都/也 Neg-(AV) V：我一個歌兒都/也不會唱。(II) (S) 一點兒 都/也 Neg-SV：中文一點兒都/也不難。
15	多 and 少 Used as Adverbs	Certain SV can be used as adverbs. When 多 becomes this kind of adverb, it means "more"; when 少 becomes an adverb it means "less". EX. 多/少 V (NU-M) (O)：多吃一點兒菜。
15	跟，給，替，用 and 對 as Coverbs	(I) 跟 (with , from, to) (lit. follow)                                       (II) 給 [for(the benefit of), to] (lit. to give)                     (III) 替 (for) (lit. in place of, substitute)                                (IV) 用(with) (lit. to use)                                                   (V) 對 (to, toward, for) (lit. facing)
16	General Relative Time (as a Movable Adverb)	從前、以前、本來、後來、現在、以後 are movable adverbs. They are used like other time words.
16	Specific Relative Time	"Specific relative time" precedes the main verb in the sentence. (I) a. 以前(ago); b. 以前(before)  (II) ……的時候(in/at, when,while)  (III) a. 以後(after, later); b. 以後(after)
16	次(or 回) as a Verbal Measure	(I) "DEM-NU-次/回" follows the time-when pattern and comes before the verb to indicate "which time".      (II) "NU-次/回 can also follows the time-spent pattern and comes after the verb to indicate "how many times:, but if the object is "a person" then how many times always comes after the object.
16	Verbal Suffix 過 as a Marker of Experience	(I) It can indicate an experience in the past, translated into English as "have (ever) before". When used, 了 is not needed. EX. S (沒) V- 過 O：我(沒)吃過義大利菜。(II) It has a slightly stronger meaning of completed action than an ordinary sentence with 了 on the end of it. It can also be used together with 了 in positive statements and in some questions. EX. S (已經) V-過 O 了：我(已經)吃過早飯了。
17	Stative Verbs with Intensifying Complements	得很/極了/得不得了 can be placed on the end of stative verbs to indicate an extreme condition.
17	Similarity and Disparity	(I) If you want to compare the difference between two or more people, affaires, or things, then the "A跟B(不)一樣SV" pattern is used. A. N1 (不) 跟N2(不) 一樣(SV)：我跟他一樣高。B. S1(VO)(V-得)跟/像S2(V-得)一樣SV：他寫字，寫得跟你一樣好。                            (II) If you want to have a positive or negative comparison between the difference of two or more persons, affairs or things then the sentence pattern "A(沒)有/(不)像B這麼/那麼SV" is used. A. N1(沒)有/(不)像N2那麼/這麼SV：我沒有他那麼高。 B. S1 (VO) (V-得) (沒)有/(不)像S2(V-得)那麼/這麼SV：他寫字寫得沒有你這麼好。
17	Comparison	A. N1 (不)比 N2 SV：今天比昨天冷。                           B. S1 (VO) (V得)(不)比S2(V-得)SV：你說話說得比我快。
17	Measuring Age, Length, Height, Distance, etc.	N (有) 多 (麼) / NU-M SV：你有多(麼)高？
17	Degree of Comparison	If you want to compare the level of two or more persons, affairs or things, all sentence patterns are "A比 B+SV+Complement" ：N1比N2 SV Complement：我比他矮五公分。
18	Directional Compounds (DC)	來/去 can be suffixed to some words. In this case they lose their original meaning of "to come/to go"; rather, they indicate that the action is coming towards. Or going away from the speaker. (I) Action Verb + 來/去 (II) Directional Verb + 來/去  (III) Verb + Directional Verb + 來/去   (IV) Verb + Directional Verb
18	Directional Compounds with Objects	When a directional compound occurs with an object, the object is often inserted between the directional verb and 來/去
18	在、到、給 Used as Post Verbs (PV)	(I) Verb- 在：When 在 is used as a suffix to some verbs, it refers to the place "in", "at" or "on" which that action takes place.                                                          (II) Verb-到：When 到 is used as a suffix to verbs of action, it must take a place word or a time phrase for its object. If the object is a plce word, 來/去 is often placed after the place word.                                            (III) Verb-給
18	快 and 慢  in Imperative Mood	一會兒 is often added to 快 or 慢 to express a greater or less degree. (I) As Adverbial (II) As predicate Complements
19	把 Construction	When the 把 construction is used, the main verb is always a transtive verb and takes an object. The object must be moved up in front of the main verb, and the main verb must be followed by a complement in order to call attention on the object rather than the subject. The negative adverbs 別，沒，不 must be placed before 把 in a negative sentence. When you want to stress the result of having dealt with something, then 給 can be placed in front of the main verb. In a sentence with the 把 construction, the object pointed out by 把 is usually a definite person, affair, or thing.
20	Verbal Suffix 著 Used as a Marker of Continuity	(I) V-著 indicates the continuity of an action or state.                                    (II) V- 著 indicates that a state (which came into being as a result of certain action) is continuing (i.e. remains unchanged)                                                                    (III) V-著 is used in imperative sentences. (It is a request or an order, asking someone to maintain a certain state.)                           (IV)V/SV-著 acts as an adverb to show the manner or circumstance which accompanies the action that is indicated by the main verb.
20	Time Elapsed	In positive sentences time-spent phrases are placed after the main verbs. However, if the desire is to indicate that the action hasn't occurred for quite some time, then the time-elapsed is placed before the main verb.
21	Resultative Compounds (RC)	(I) Actual Form: Actual resultative compounds indicate that the result has been attained. Resultative Endings (RE) can be directional compounds, stative verbs or functive verbs.                                                                   (II) Potential Form: This pattern indicates the result of the action can or can not be attained. Sentences using the 把 construction cannot use this form.
21	Directional Endings Used as Resultative Endings	Directional complements 來，去，上來，進去，etc. can be used as resultative complements, and their original meanings will not change. In addition, in the potential form, the ending 來 or 去 is not pronounced neutral tone.
21	Some Extended Uses of Directional Complements as Resultative Complements	(I) 下                                                                                      (II)--起                                                                              (III) --出來                                                                         (IV) --起來
22	Stative Verbs Used as Resultative Endings	(I) -清楚，-乾淨，-大，-高，-快，-對，-錯，etc.    (II) -好 indicates satisfaction or completion                   (III) -飽 indicates satisfaction of appetite
22	Action Verbs Used as Resultative Endings	(I) -見 indicates perception of what is seen, heard and smelled.                                                                          (II) -懂 indicates comprehension of what is seen, read or heard.                                                                         (III) -到 indicates arrival or attainment                            (IV) -著 indicates success or attainment                           (V) - 完 indicates completion                                          (VI) - 了 indicates ability or completion                         (VII) -動 indicates movement
22	Auxiliary Verb Used as Resultative Ending	學會 (master, learned)
23	Reduplication of stative Verbs	a. Monosyllabic SVs                                                      b. Disyllabic SVs (XY--> XXYY)                                     (I) As Predicates                                                                 (II) As Modifiers of a Noun                                                (III) As Predicate Complements                                          (IV) As Adverbial
23	Reduplication of Verbs	a. Monosyllabic Verbs                                                      b. Disyllabic Verbs (XY-->XYXY)
23	Reduplication of Measure Words	The reduplication of measure words conveys the meaning of the English word "each".
23	Sentences with Adverb 又 and 也 Used as Correlative Conjunctions	(I) 又……又 (both……and)                                              (II) 也……也 (both……and)
24	Passive Voice Sentences with Coverbs 被，讓 or 叫	This type of sentence pattern begins with the thing being acted upon and the agent of the action occurs after 被/讓/叫. In Chinese the passive sentence carries a less general meaning than in English. It is often used to indicate a bad result. When 被 is used, the agent noun can be omitted.
24	Causative Sentence with Verbs 讓 or 叫	In causative sentences with verbs 讓 or 叫 , the object of the first clause if the subject of the second clause.
24	Sentences with Correlative Conjunctions 一……就 (just as soon as, whenever)	In Chinese, if you want to indicate "just as soon as" or "whenever", then in front of the verb in a dependent clause you should add 一，and in front of the verb in the subsequent clause add the adverb 就 (note that this adverb must occur after the subject). When the subjects of these two clauses are the same, then often one subject is omitted.
25	The Adverbs 再，才 and 就 Contrasted	(I)再 is used only in connection with a contemplated action, expression a plan, suggestion, request or command.                                                                         (II) 才 is used in both contemplated and completed actions, expressing a plan, statement or imperative condition. In the 才 sentence, 是......的 pattern (not 了) can be used to indicate completed action, and article 呢 can be used to indicate contemplated action.                               (III) 就 is used in both contemplated and completed actions, expressing a plan, request, command, statement or condition.
25	Sentence with 越……越 as Correlative Conjunctions	越 is a fixed adverb, it must be placed after the subject   (I) 越來越 (getting more and more)                                     (II) 越……越……(the more……the more)